Direct numerical simulations and analysis of three-dimensional n-heptane spray flames in a model swirl combustor

Three-dimensional n-heptane spray flames in a swirl combustor are investigated by means of direct numerical simulation (DNS) to provide insight into realistic spray evaporation and combustion as well as relevant modeling issues. The variable-density, low-Mach number Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a fully conservative and kinetic energy conserving finite difference scheme in cylindrical coordinates. Dispersed droplets are tracked in a Lagrangian framework. Droplet evaporation is described by an equilibrium model. Gas combustion is represented using an adaptive one-step irreversible reaction. Two different cases are studied: a lean case that resembles a lean direct injection combustion, and a rich case that represents the primary combustion region of a rich-burn/quick-quench/lean-burn combustor. The results suggest that premixed combustion contribute more than 70% to the total heat release rate, although diffusion flame have volumetrically a higher contribution. The conditional mean scalar dissipation rate is shown to be strongly influenced, especially in the rich case. The conditional mean evaporation rate increases almost linearly with mixture fraction in the lean case, but shows a more complex behavior in the rich case. The probability density functions (PDF) of mixture fraction in spray combustion are shown to be quite complex. To model this behavior, the formulation of the PDF in a transformed mixture fraction space is proposed and demonstrated to predict the DNS data reasonably well.     

An experimental investigation on spray, ignition and combustion characteristics of biodiesels

Spray, ignition and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuels were investigated under a simulated diesel-engine condition (885 K, 4 MPa) in a constant volume combustion vessel. Two biodiesel fuels originated from palm oil and used cooking oil were used while JIS#2 used as the base fuel. Spray images were taken by a high speed video camera by using Mie-scattering method to measure liquid phase penetration and liquid length. An image intensifier combined with OH filter was used to obtain OH radical image near 313 nm. Ignition and combustion characteristics were studied by OH radical images. Biodiesel fuels give appreciably longer liquid lengths and shorter ignition delays. At low injection pressure (100 MPa), biodiesel fuels give shorter lift-off lengths than those of diesel. While at high injection pressure (200 MPa), the lift-off length of biodiesel fuel originated palm oil gives the shortest value and that of biodiesel from used cooking oil gives the longest one. Air entrainment upstream of lift-off length of three fuels was estimated and compared to soot formation distance. This study reveals that the viscosity and ignition quality of biodiesel fuel have great influences on jet flame structure and soot formation tendency.     

Influence of cation on the pyrolysis and oxidation of alginates

There is a growing interest in the production of chemicals and novel carbonaceous materials from marine biomass such as macroalgae (seaweed). The pyrolysis of macroalgae can produce a range of chemicals and chars with various properties. A large proportion of macroalgae is carbohydrate of which the alginates are dominant. The alginates are largely present bound with a cation, which can include calcium, sodium, magnesium or potassium. The thermal behavior of alginic acid, sodium alginate and calcium alginate have been investigated using batch pyrolysis experiments and thermal analysis including TGA-FTIR and Py-GC-MS to evaluate the influence of the cation. The change in cation from Na⁺ to Ca²⁺ significantly influences the pyrolysis behavior and in the case of Na alginate leads to significant swelling of the char, not observed for the Ca alginate or alginic acid. The Na alginate decomposes at a lower temperature than the Ca alginate and produces a different range of volatile components. The char from the Na alginate has been characterised by gas sorption for BET surface area analysis and there is evidence for mesoporosity. SEM analysis indicates significant differences in surface morphology for the Na alginate compared to Ca alginate. The cation appears to exert a significant influence on the pyrolysis and oxidative behavior of alginates. Py-GC-MS indicates that the cation also influences the devolatilisation products produced by pyrolysis. The volatile components from the Ca alginate resemble more closely the components from alginic acid whereas the volatile components from Na alginate include a range of cyclopentenone derivatives. It is proposed that the Na⁺ catalyses decomposition whereas the Ca²⁺ does not.     

Pyrolysis behavior of pectin under the conditions that simulate cigarette smoking

In this paper, the formation mechanism of pyrolysis gases released during the pyrolysis of pectin under the conditions that simulate cigarette smouldering was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR). Moreover, the combustion behavior of pyrolysis gases was studied by micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC). TG-FTIR results illustrated that the composition of the gaseous products was mainly composed of CO₂, H₂O, CO, methanol, methane and carbonyl compounds. MCC results demonstrated that the combustion of pectin was mainly determined by the prolysis gases formed in the temperature range of 200-300 °C. Flash pyrolysis experiment in combination with high performance liquid chromatography (FPy-HPLC) was used to study the pyrolytic formation of eight carbonyl compounds (i.e. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone and butyraldehyde) during the pyrolysis of pectin under the pyrolysis conditions of cigarette puffing. Results demonstrated that pyrolysis temperature influenced the formation of acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde greatly, while nitrogen flow affected the generation of formaldehyde, acetone, crotonaldehyde and methyl ethyl ketone deeply.     

Thermochemical study of 5-methyluracil, 6-methyluracil, and 5-nitrouracil

The standard (p° = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation, in the crystalline phase, at T = 298.15 K, for 5-methyluracil, 6-methyluracil, and 5-nitrouracil were derived from the values of the standard massic energies of combustion measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry. The results obtained together with literature values of the enthalpies of sublimation yielded the standard molar enthalpies of formation, in gaseous phase, at T = 298.15 K. These values are discussed in the terms of structural enthalpic increments.     

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) assays to ascertain the mechanisms of retention of antimony species in several stationary phases

Liquid chromatography is the most suitable technique for antimony speciation in several types of samples. However, efficiency can be poor for some of these peaks, especially Sb(III) and Me₃SbCl₂ (TMSb). Weak and strong anion exchange stationary phases are mainly used for antimony speciation in several chromatographic conditions. The present study examines the possible contribution of the interaction between antimony species (Sb(III), Sb(V) and TMSb) and stationary phase support to the overall retention mechanism in their chromatographic separation. Several SPE cartridges, selected from those mainly used as support in anion exchange columns, were assayed. Sb (V) was quantitatively eluted from the PSDVB (polystyrene divinylbenzene) and SiO₂ phases, showing the absence of interaction. Sb (III) showed some interaction with the PSDVB phase; TMSb showed strong retention with all the cartridges studied and it was only eluted from the PSDVB phase.     

高效WO3掺杂MCF催化剂的合成及其在环戊烯选择氧化制戊二醛反应中的应用

以钨酸钠和正硅酸乙酯为前驱体直接合成高含量WO₃掺杂介孔氧化硅泡沫(MCF)催化剂. 在773 K焙烧后显示出更高的热稳定性. 小角X射线散射, N₂-物理吸附和透射电子显微镜结果表明钨物种嵌入后, 材料仍保持MCF特征的三维织构介孔特征. 紫外拉曼和紫外可见漫反射光谱结果表明钨物种主要以孤立的或者低聚态的氧化钨形式存在, 所以在氧化钨质量分数(w)低于20%时氧化钨物种能够高度分散在载体上. 在环戊烯选择氧化制戊二醛反应中, 反应16 h 后环戊烯的转化率达到100%, 戊二醛的产率达到83.5%. 催化剂重复利用实验表明催化剂的稳定性较好, 没有钨物种的脱落. 这种优异的催化性能归结于合适的氧化钨含量和高分散的钨物种.     

热重-固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用研究葡萄糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系非水相Maillard反应

利用热重-固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱(TG-SPME/GC-Ms)联用对葡萄糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系非水相Maillard反应热学性质进行了研究,并分析了模拟体系46种热解逸出挥发性产物相对含量的动态变化情况.探讨了有效减少Maillard反应产物丙烯酰胺的方法.结果表明:葡萄糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系非水相Mail-lard反...     

Effects of operating pressure on flame oscillation and emission characteristics in a partially premixed swirl combustor

The influence of varying combustor pressure on flame oscillation and emission characteristics in the partially premixed turbulent flame were investigated. In order to investigate combustion characteristics in the partially premixed turbulent flame, the combustor pressure was controlled in the range of −30 to 30 kPa for each equivalence ratio (Φ = 0.8-1.2). The r.m.s. of the pressure fluctuations increased with decreasing combustor pressure for the lean condition. The combustor pressure had a sizeable influence on combustion oscillation, whose dominant frequency varied with the combustor pressure. Combustion instabilities could be controlled by increasing the turbulent intensity of the unburned mixture under the lean condition. An unstable flame was caused by incomplete combustion; hence, EICO greatly increased. Furthermore, EINO_x simply reduced with decreasing combustor pressure at a rate of 0.035 g/10 kPa. The possibility of combustion control on the combusting mode and exhaust gas emission was demonstrated.     

Non-uniform velocity profile mechanism for flame stabilization in a porous radiant burner

Industrial processes where the heating of large surfaces is required lead to the possibility of using large surface porous radiant burners. This causes additional temperature uniformity problems, since it is increasingly difficult to evenly distribute the reactant mixture over a large burner surface while retaining its stability and keeping low pollutant emissions. In order to allow for larger surface area burners, a non-uniform velocity profile mechanism for flame stabilization in a porous radiant burner using a single large injection hole is proposed and analyzed for a double-layered burner operating in open and closed hot (laboratory-scale furnace, with temperature-controlled, isothermal walls) environments. In both environments, local mean temperatures within the porous medium have been measured. For lower reactant flow rate and ambient temperature the flame shape is conical and anchored at the rim of the injection hole. As the volumetric flow rate or furnace temperature is raised, the flame undergoes a transition to a plane flame stabilized near the external burner surface. However, the stability range envelope remains the same in both regimes.